Yoshinori Ohsumi: Autophagy from begining to end

Yoshinori Ohsumi was influenced by his father, who was a professor of engineering at Kyushu University, He was familiar with academic life while he was growing up. But whereas his father worked in a very industrially oriented field, he was more interested in the natural sciences. In high school, he was interested in chemistry, so he entered the University of Tokyo to learn chemistry. He quickly discovered chemistry wasn't so attractive to him, because the field was already quite established. But he was lucky, he thinks, because the early 1960's was the golden age of molecular biology. He decided he wanted to work on that instead.

There were not very many molecular biology labs in Japan at that time. He joined Dr. Kazutomo Imahori's lab as a graduate student to study protein synthesis in E. coli. Unfortunately, he did not get very good results in his work, and, when he had finished his graduate studies, he discovered it was very difficult to find a good position in Japan. So, on Dr. Imahori's advice, he took a postdoctoral position with Dr. Gerald Edelman at The Rockefeller University in New York.

As a graduate student, he had worked on E. coli., but in Dr. Edelman's lab he switched to working on mammalian cell and developmental biology. He was supposed to establish a system for in vitro fertilization in mice,  but he did not know very much about early embryology and he had only a very small number of eggs to work with. He grew very frustrated. Then, one and a half years later, Mike Jazwinski joined Edelman's lab, and he decided to work with him instead on studying DNA duplication in yeast. That was another huge leap for him, but it was also his first introduction to yeast cells, which he has worked with ever since.

Finally, he was offered a position as a junior professor in Yasuhiro Anraku's lab at the University of Tokyo and was able to return to Japan

For complete interview, read this 2012 interview conducted by Journal of Cell Biology, where Yoshinori Ohsumi explains his progress within the field of autophagy.

Nobel Prize 2016 in Physiology or Medicine

The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy which was announced on 3rd October 2016

This year's Nobel Laureate discovered and elucidated mechanisms underlying autophagy, a fundamental process for degrading and recycling cellular components.

The word autophagy originates from the Greek words auto- meaning self and phagein- meaning to eat. Thus, autophagy denotes "self eating." Its a process whereby the eukaryotic cell can recycle part of its own content. This concept emerged during the 1960's, when researchers first observed that the cell could destroy its own contents by enclosing it in membranes, forming sack like vesicles that were transported to a recycling compartment, called lysosome, for degradation. Unlike other cellular degradation machineries, autophagy removes long lived proteins, large macro molecular complexes and organelles that have become obsolete or damaged. Difficulties in studying the phenomenon meant that little was known until, in a series of brilliant experiments in the early 1990's. Yoshinori Ohsumi used baker's yeast to identify genes essential for autophagy. He then went on to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for autophagy in yeast and showed that similar sophisticated machinery is used in our cells.

Ohsumi's discoveries led to a new paradigm in our understanding of how the cell recycles its content. His discoveries opened the path to understanding the fundamental importance of autophagy in many physiological processes, such as in the adaptation to starvation or response to infection. Mutations in autophagy genes can cause disease, and the autophagic process is involved in several conditions including cancer and neurological disease.

Yoshinori Ohsumi is a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology since 2009 

Collection of Title of Dissertation (Updated)

       A Comprehensive Collection of Title of Dissertations Submitted by Students of M.Sc. Microbiology to The Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University

Find here more Collection of Title of Dissertation (from 1 to 172)  

173. Lower respiratory tract infection a socio-medical aspect. By: Punita Gauchan 

174. Study on performance of waste water  treatment plant at guheshwari. By: Chandra Shekhar Rajaure  

175. A prospective study on microbiology of lower respiratory tract infection and antibiotic sensitivity profile with interest in multidrug resistance and extended spectrum of betalactamase strains. By: Jaya Sharma   

176. Prevalence of Lymphatic filariasis in Parsa District of Nepal. By: Surath Upadhaya 

177. Field evaluation of the OPTimal test for the rapid diagnosis of malaria. By: Puspa Raj Pandey  

178. An epidemiological study of malaria in Kanchanur District during 2003. By: Deepak Joshi 

179. Microbiology of Bacteraemia and septicaemia in patients visiting Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital (TUTH) Kathmandu. By: Yadav Wagley 

180. Study on heavy metal resistant bacteria in the waste water treatment plant at Guheshwori. By: Anjita Rajbanshi 

181. Prevalence of catheter associated urinary tract infection as Hospital acquired infection in TUTH. By: Abhilasha Gurung 

182. Comparative evaluation of four different tests in the diagnosis of Visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. By: Amin Khadka 

183. Microbial quality evaluation of milk and butter with special reference to the milk pathogens and MBRT test. By: Toya Nath Sapkota 

184. An epidemiological study of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance pattern in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting national tuberculosis centre. By: Komal Raj Rijal 

185. A Hospital study of urinary tract infection among pregnant women visiting Lumbini Zonal Hospital, Butwal. By: Munal Subedi 

186. Study on the impairment of liver kindney and pancreas in Hepatitis B and C positive cases. By: Amrit M S Maharjan 

187. Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhoea in patients visiting National Public Laboratory, Teku. By: Ranjan K. C 

188. Study on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage enteroparasitic infectations in children. By: Bijaya Malla 

189. Study on the prevalence of Salmonella species from blood sample of the patients visiting national public health  laboratory, Teku. By: Sabina Shrestha 

190. Prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children visiting Kanti children's Hospitals. By: Santosh Thapa 

191. Bacteriological profile of bacteraemia and speticaemia among patients of infective endocarditis. By: Narayan Prasad Kandel 

192. Microbial study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients admitted in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Jorpati. By: Deepu Pudasaini

193A prospective study of urinary tract infections in female patients attending Kathmandu Model Hospital. By: Puja Shrestha 

194. Prevalence of Aeromonas in different clinical samples and water with special interest in Gastroenteritis. By: Nirajan Thapa Kshetry 

195. Serostatus of rheumatoid factor, c-reactive protein, antistreptolysin-o and uric acid in patients visiting OM Hospital and research centre. By: Raj Kumar Karki 

196.  Study of urinary tract infection among kidney transplant patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory, Teku.By: Gokarna Raj Ghimire 

197. Prevalence of vulvovaginal giardiasis in females attending gynecological outpatient department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Bijaya Bajracharya 

198. Seroprevalence of torch in Nepalese women of childbearing age and evaluation of biochemical parameters. By: Pradeep Kafle 

199. Detection of enteric pathogens (Vibrio Cholerae and Escherichia coli 0157) in childhood diarrhoeal cases. By: Roshani Maharjan 

200. Prevalence of Urinary tract infection and candiasis of   pregnant women at community based reproductive health care & counseling center of Kirtipur Municipality. By: Sulochana Basnet (Mahat) 

201.  Detection of Enteropathogens (Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Parasites) in the stool specimen of children suffering from diarrhea and admitted at kanti children Hospital. By: Diksha Khadka 

202. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of some medical plants. By: D Radha 

203. Seroprev valence of hepatitis B and HIV among volunteer blood donors of Kathmandu. By: Dinesh Thapa 

204. Prevalence of lower respiratory tract pathogens (bacterial) in Nepalese HIV/AIDS Patients. By: Dipendra Gautam 

205. Study of Bacteraemia in malnourished children admitted to Kanti children's hospital. By: Prakash Chandra Amatya 

206. Recovery of sliver from used X-Ray films using alkaline protease extracted from Bacillus spp. By: Dal Bahadur Khatri 

207. Screening of soil bacillus species for ß lactamase activity. By: Niraj Nakarmi 

208. Genetic variability of Mycobacterium leprae in Nepal. By: Susan Pandey 

209. Prevalence of multidrug resistant strains with reference to extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing strains among the bacterial pathogens isolated from different clinical samples at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By:Rajdeep Bomjan 

210. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial pathogens in urinary trace infection with special reference to extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) oridycubt straubs. By: Trishna Manandhar 

211. Study on Microbiology of urinary tract infection and the prevalence of multidrug resistant strains among the bacterial pathogens. By:Deepa Shrestha 

212. Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in HIV-AIDS persons of Nepal. By: Govinda Prasad Dhungana 

213. Cross-sectional study of respiratory pathogenes and their antibiotic susceptibiligy pattern in Tribhuvan Unversity Teaching Hospital. By: Uma Shrestha 

214. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for direct detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples. By: Ajaya Poudel 

215. A study on etiological agents of bacteraemia and antibiotic susceptibiligy pattern of isolates. By: Niroj Man Amatya 

216. Biodiversity and bioactivity of endophytic fungi of tsuga dumosa D. Don. By: Anjana Upadhaya 

217. Vermicomposting, enrichment of vermicompost by azotobacter chroococcum and response on phaseolus bean. By: Yukti Basnet 

218. Prevalence of malaria and hepatitis B among Nepalese blood donors. By: Bishnu Bhakta Dhungel 

219. Evaluation of different staining techniques (Ziehl neelsen stain, Kinyoun stain, Modified cold stain and fluorochrome stain) for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. By: Deepika Shrestha 

220. Study of delta encotoxin immunocrossreactivity of bacillus thuringiensis isolates from khumbu base camp of the Everest Region. By: Upendra Thapa Shrestha 

221. Study of genetic polymorphism among bacillus thuringensis isolates from Khumbu Base Camp of Everest Region by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase Chain Reaction. By: Gyan Sundar Sahukhal 

222. Study of prevalence of enteric fever and the assessment of widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. By: Samira Khatiwada 

223. A prospective study on etiology of diarrhea with reference to multiple drug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens. By: Sirjana Devi Shrestha 

224. Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among HIV/HIDS patients of Kathmandu Valley and Dhulikhel. By: Sunil Maharjan 

225. Microbiological study among diarrhoeal children in relation to cyclospora and rotavirus infection. By: Chamala Lama 

226. Study of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among HIV seropositive subjects and high risk group for HIV infection in Bagmati Zone, Nepal. By: Navaraj Raj Adhikari 

227. Assessment of therapeutic of anti-mallarial drug (chloroquine) for plasmodium vivax in kanchanpur district, Nepal. By: Dhan Kumar Pant 

228. Study on intestinal infections by parasite and some bacteria among elderly people of Kathmandu Valley.By: Bikash Shakya 

229. Microbial study of hospital environment and carrier pattern study among staff in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital. By: Jyoti Pant 

230. Assessment of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) from restaurants of Kathmandu metropolitan city with respect to environmental condition. By: Poonam Thapa 

231. Sero-epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal. By: Shyam Prasad Dumre 

232.  A study on soil transmitted helminthiasis in Kathmandu Valley. By: Arina Shrestha 

233. Study on the incidence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients and the prevalence of multidrug resistant strains among the bacterial pathogenic isolates. By: Nisha Puri 

234. Prevalence of bacterial and fungal agents causing lower respiratory tract infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. By: Sanchita Dahal 

235. Isolation and identifcaton of the etiolotical agent of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients visiting national tuberculosis center, Thimi, Bhaktapur. By: Sudeep Singh 

236. Microbial flora among vstors and the hospital environment in ICU and SICU at TUTH. By: Shishir Sharma 

237. A study on possible contribution of horizontal transmission in neonatal sepsis at TUTH. By: Sangeeta Shrestha 

238. Prevalence of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical specimnets from patients and screening of nasal carriage of MRSA from Medical Staffs of Bir Hospital. By: Kiran Sapkota 

239. Study of the disease citrus canker and field trial to find its effective control measure in “Kavre” Nepal.By: Dinesh Dhakal 

240. Effect of dual inoculation of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar p[haseoli and Piriformospora indica verma et al. on phaseolus vulgaris grown in the soil treated with vermicompost. By: Jeny Shrestha 

241. Study on the effect of co-inoculation of bradyrhizobium japonicum and pirifirmospora indica verma et al. on glycine max (L.) merr. By: Rajani Shrestha 

242. A study on microbiology of urinary tract nfection at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal. By: Shova Khanal 

243. Evaluation of antibiacterial activity of some medicinal plants frequently used in respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in Nepal. By: Olivia Thapa 

244. Pattern of bacterial flora in various out patient departments of TUTH. By: Rachana Manandhar 

245. A comparative study of different diagnostic methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in suspected patients visiting National Tuberculosis Centre, Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. By: Asta Ram Khagi 

246. Study on prevalence of common types of vaginitis (candidiasis, traichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis) among the pregnant women visiting thapathali maternity hospital Kathmandu. By: Sarita Shrestha 

247. Role of Glomus Microcarpum in the production of whear (triticum aestivum)  plants. By: Nirmala Dhungana 

248. Study of bacteria causing urinary tract infection and their antimicrobial resistance trend at national public health laboratory. By: Padma Shrestha 

249. Nalidxic acid resistant salmonella with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. By: Rup Bahadur Kunwor 

250. Corelation of secondary infection with peripheral level T lymphocyte with CD4 marker (CD$) count in HIV/AIDS patients. By: Shiva Ram Pant 

251. A study on Microbiological and chemical quality of water of Kathmandu. By: Rama Gyawali 

252. Study on seroprevalence of IgM Antibiodies against the agents of torch infections among the patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory. By: Sujata Lamichhane 

253. Effect of dual inoculation of azotobacterchroococcum and piriformospora indica verma et al on oryza satwal croun in the soil treated with vermicompost. By: Kamil Prajapati 

254. Microbiological study on gastroenteritis of children from Kanti Children's Hospital with reference to cyclospora and rotavirus infection. By: Shradha Chipalu 

255. Comparative evaluation of microscopic and cultural examination in bacterial meningitis among the patients attending Kanti Children Hospital. By: Rojita Tuladhar 

256. Study of drinking quality of Kathmandu Metropolitan areas and evaluation of antibacterial property of some medicinal plants against isolated enteric bacteria. By: Anup Muni Bajracharya 

257. DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Nepal using PCR-labelled is 6110 probe. By; Saraswoti Kadge 

258. Use of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Lamp) for direct detection of Mycobacterium in sputum. By: Bal Ram Adhikari 

259. Study of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting national tuberculosis center, Thimim Bhaktapur, Nepal. By: Semuhang Subba 

260. Assessment of drinking water quality of madhyapur-Thimi ans study of anti bacterial effect of lime juice against bacterial isolates. By: Bina Laxmi Jayana 

261. Study the hospital environment of shahid gangalal national heart centre. By: Kamala Lamsal 

262. Study on bacteriological profile of infected wound from patient's visiting to lumbini zonal hospital, butwal, Nepal. By: Yasoda Gyawali 

263. Prevalence of bacteraemia and septicaemia among children attending kanti children hospital with special reference to salmonella spp. By: Deena Shrestha 

264. Study on intestinal parasitic infections in tharu community of bardiya district. By: Pragya Sharma 

265. Screening of mycobacterium tuberculoss by selective inhibition with para-nitrobenzoic acid, its cytochemical staining and drug susceptibility to primary anti-tubercular drugs. By: Sujaya Nepali 

266. Microbiological and physico-chemical analysis of alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu Valley. By: Bhim Shrees 

267. Study on drinking water quality of Kathmandu and attending susceptibiligy of isolates . By: Prashanna Raj Kafle 

268. Seroprevalence of rubella in Nepal. By: Khagendra Prakash K. C 

269.  Reproductive tract infections among women attending gynaecological outpatient department Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Madan Singh Bohara 

270. Tuberculosis and human imuno-deficency virus co-infection in suspected TB patients. By: Sunita Maharjan 

271. Study of biodiversity and bioactivity of endophytic fungi of some Himalayan conifers of Nepal. By: Srijana Thapaliya 

272. Bacterial isolatres and their antibiogram from wounds and abscesses of surgical outpatients visiting bir hospital. By: Prashamsa Karkee 

273. Comparison of the resistance ratio and proportikon methods for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients visiting national tuberculosis centre. By: Sushma Acharya 

274. Pattern of bacterial isolates and antibiogram from open wound infection an\mong the indoor patients of Bir Hoapital. By: Kiran Kumari 

275. Comparative study of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Lamp) for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum. By: Binita Koirala 

276. Sterid biosynthesis and embryonic stem cell proteins as putative predictive breast cancer biomarker. By: Khagendra Koirala 

277. Enteropathogenic microorganisms in children under ten years of age attending Kanti Children's Hospital. By: Sarmila Tandukar 

278. Seroprevalence of hepatitisc and HIV among blood donors in Kathmandu valley. By: Surendra Karki 

279. Prevalence of soil transmitted parasites in raw vebetables of Kathmandu and stool samples of school children. By: Anil Shrestha 

280. Estimation of incidence of HIV infection in Nepal by mode of transmissionamong various exposure groups. By: Rumika Maharjan 

281. Genetic simalasrities among bacillus thuringiensis strains from different climatic zones of Nepal. By: Nirajan Bhattarai 

282. Biochemical and molecular characterization of actinomycetes prosessing antibacterial properties from soil samples of kalapatthar, mounteverest region. By: Chiringma Sherpa 

283. Screening of actinomycetes from soil samples of Kalapatthar mount everest region for antibiosis. By: Tara Devi Gurung 

284. Immunological screening of actinomycetes of khumbu region of Nepal. By: Suman Thapa 

285. Multidrug resistance among various clinical bacterial isolates and production of different types of B-lactamases with subsequent transfer mechanism by plasmid DNA analysis. By: Pankaj Baral 

286. Isolation identification and plasmid profiling of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens isolated from UTI patients. By: Sanjiv Neupane 

287. An evaluation of 5% NaOCI microscopy method for the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. By: Suman Lama 

288. Assessment of arsenic tolerant bacteria from arsenic contaminated groundwater in nawalparasi district of Nepal. By: Shree Krishna Shrestha 

289. Isolation and characterization of arsenic tolerant microorganisms from tube well water of Nawalparasi, Nepal. By: Prerana Dhungana 

290. Biochemical and genetic characterization of actinomycetes from  mount everest base camp. By: Manita Guragain 

291. Perspectives of arsenic exposure and asymptomatic microbial infections in Nawalparasi District. By: Narendra Maden 

292. Microbiological quality evaluation of dahi/yoghurt of Kathmandu Valley. By: Kashi Ram Ghimire 

293. Evaluation of antivicrobial activities of medicinal plants against some fungi and antibiotic resistant bacteria. By: Bishnu Prasad Marasini 

294. Urinary tract infection in diabetic microalbuminuric patients visiting B&B Hospital. By: Gridhari Rijal 

295. A comparative study of IGM capture Elisa and particle agglutination assay for the diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis among some Nepalese patients. By: Santa Raj Khanal 

296. Study on antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes isolated from soils of different parts of khumbu region. By: Junu Koirala 

297. Estimation and projection oif the trend of HIV/AIDS in Nepal till 2010 using estimation and projection pakage (EPP) software. By: Manoj Khadka 

298. Cross-sectional study of urinary pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern with reference to extended spectreum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing strains in Kathmandu Model Hospital. By: Neelam Karna 

299. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of medicinal plants. By: Naresh Maharjan 

300. The study of antibacterial activities of common spices. By: Dinesh Maharjan 

301. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella isolates from blood sample of patients visiting Shree Birendra Hospital, Chauni. By: Barsha Gurung 

302. Comparasion of blood culture and single slide agglutination widal test for the diagnosis of enteric fever. By: Minu K. C 

303. Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates from infected burn wound at Kanti Children's Hospital. By: Rupa Nepal 

304. Comparative evaluation of macroscopic, microscopic, serological and cultural examination of csf in bacterial memingitis. By: Nabaraj Dahal 

305. Study on HIV and sexually transmitted infections among the female commercial sex workers of Kathmandu Valley. By: Prakash Shrestha 

306. Screening of antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes from soil samples of manang region of Nepal and their biological characterization. By : Rishi Baniya 

307. Fluoroquinolone susceptibiligy pattern of the salmonella isolates from enteric fever patients visiting to National Public Health Laboratory, Nepal. By: Dhiraj Acharya 

308. Sero-epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in some selectedhospitals of Nepal. By: Krishna Prasad Pant 

309. Sero-epidemiology of dengue virus infection in the post monsoon period I terai region of Nepal. By: Ramesh Pun 

310. Bacteriological profile of urine of postoperative patients undergone open heart surgery at Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Nepal. By: Supriya Sharma 

311. Transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors in Kathmandu, Nepal. By: Ashish Chandra Shrestha 

312. Bacteriological and histological profile of heart valves resected from infective endocarditis patients. By: Sulochana Manandhar 

313. Prevalence of helicobacter pylori among dyspeptic patients attending Bir Hospital, Nepal. By: Shailaja Adhikari 

314. Isolation, identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing of salmonella serovars from enteric fever suspected patients visiting Bir Hospital. By: Manita Aryal 

315. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella from blood of suspected enteric fever patients attending Patan Hospital. By: Krishna Govinda Prajapati 

316. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus among blood donors in Jhapa, Nepal. By: Hemanta Khanal 

317. Bacterioloigcal profiles of tracheal aspirates of patients attending National Institute of Neurolobical and allied sciences. By: Pratirodh Koirala 

318. Evaluation of the three commercially availavle elisa test kits for the detection of Anti- HIV antibodies. By: Avishekh Gautam 

319. Spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates causing conjunctivitis among the patients visiting B.P. Koirala lions center for ophthalmic studies. By: Archana Bhattarai 

320. Cholera incidence among diarrhoeal patients visiting national public health laboratory, Nepal. By: Rabindra Karki 

321. Bacterioogy of chronic dacryocystitis and antibiotic susceptibiligy pattern of isolated bacteria. By: Anita Bhattarai 

322. Isolation and characterization of salmonella from drinking water samples of urban water supply system of Kathmandu. By: Esha Shrestha 

323. Strain typing of mycobacterium leprae isolates from Nepal uning variable number of tanden repeats. By: Pratibha Thapa 

324. Use of minisatellite genetic profiling with clinical analysis of leprosy patients in Nepal. By: Binita Adhikari

Source: Microbiological Abstracts, Published by MISAN, Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Advice for potential biology graduate students

There are a few things to keep in mind before you apply for graduate course in biology. First, be realistic about graduate school. Graduate school in biology is not a sure path to success. Many students assume that they will eventually get a job just like their advisor's. However, the average professor at a research university has 3 students at a time for about 5 years each. So, over a career of 30 years, this professor has about 18 students. Since the total number of positions has been pretty constant, these 18 people are competing for one spot. So go to grad. school assuming that you might not end up at a reserach university, but instead a teaching college, or a government or industry job. All of these are great jobs, but it's important to think of all this before you go to school.
Second, choose your advisor wisely. Not only does this person potentially have total control over your graduate career for five or more years, but he/she will also be writing recommendation letters for you for another 5-10 years after that. Also, your advisor will shadow you for the rest of your life. People will always think of you as so-and so's student and assume that you two are somewhat alike. Finally, in many ways you will turn into your advisor. Advisors teach very little, but instead provide a role model. Consciously and unconciously, you will imitate your advisor. You may find this hard to believe now but fifteen years from now when you find yourself lining up the tools in your lab cabinets just like your advisor did, you'll see. Someone once said that choosing an advisor is like choosing a spouse after one date. Find out all you can on this date.

Finally, have your fun now. Five years is a long time when you are 23 years old. By the end of graduate school, you will be older, slower, and possibly married and/or a parent. So if you always wanted to walk across Nepal, do it now. Also, do not go to a high-powered lab that you hate assuming that this will promise you long term happiness. Do something that you have passion for, work in a lab you like, in a place you like, before life starts throwing its many curve balls.

If, after reading this, you still want to apply for grad study, apply now.

Concepts in Biology: Laboratory Manual

Collection of Title of Dissertation

A Comprehensive Collection of Title of Dissertations Submitted by Students of M. Sc. Microbiology, Tribhuvan University till 2004 A.D

1. Microbial quality of fruits of Kathmandu Valley and their utilization in wine making and upgrading protein contents of fruits’ peels by using Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei andPenicillium spp. By: RajanPrasad Adhikari

2. Study of Campylobacter in diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal Nepalese children and detection of Rotavirus in diarrhoeal children. By: Bidya Shrestha

3. Bacteriological investigation on ice-cream of Kathmandu Valley. By: Anjana Maharjan

4. Study on the water pollution of Ranipokhari and use of fish culture as a biological control of pond pollution. By: Anjana Shrestha

5. Study of microbiology and chemistry of Kinema. By: Kedar G.C.

6. Study of physical composition and bacteriological analysis of solid waste of Kathmandy city. By: Shova Shrestha

7. Isolation and characterization of thermophilic and amylase positive bacteria from hot spring of Nepal. By: Dwij Raj Bhatta

8. Biotyping of coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS). By: Predeep Kumar Shah

9. Bacteriological study of food and water of Pode community of Kirtipur. By: Pearl Banmali

10. Epidemiology and microbiology of lower respiratory tract infection among patients in Nepal. By: Bimmi Shrestha

11. Bacteriological study of chicken and buff meat of Kathmandu Valley. By: Gyanendra Bdr. Karki

12. Preliminary survey of dominant bacterial flora of indoor air of Kathmandu. By: Indu Bikram Joshi

13. Proteolytic activities of mesophilic bacteria. By: Anjuman Shrestha

14. Study of the lipolytic activities of fungi isolated from different oil mill areas. By: Sangita Shakya

15. Prevalence of bacteriuria and UTI in Nepali women. By: Prakash Ghimire

16. The study of antimicrobial resistance Escherichia coli. By: Dev K Ranjit

17. Study of solid waste of Kathmandu Valley and its impact on Kathmandu. By: Buddhi Pudasaini

18. Microbiology of wound infection, a hospital based study. By: Moti Lal Shrestha

19. Bacteriological profile of bacteremia and septicemia among patients visiting Patan Hospital. By: Durga Ghimire

20. Bacteriological study of cheese of Kathmandu city. By: Ira Tuladhar

21. Serological analysis of Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical specimens with special interest in gastroenteritis. By: Bishwakala Aryal

22. Microbiology of wound infection at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Sabina Dangol

23. A research on integrated fish culture utilizing human wastes in Nepal. By: Rabindra Acharya

24. Bacteriological study of ice-cream, butter and Raspherry of Kathmandu city. By: Pradipata Udash

25. Improvement of nutritional value of soybean by fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae. By: Pravin Malla Shrestha

26. Microbiological study of paper industries influent. By: Amod K. Pokherel

27. Screening of thermophiles from hot spring of Nepal for thermostable proteases. By: Binesh Shrestha

28. The study on microflora of fish pond water and fish intestine. By: Kushmabati Shrestha

29. HACCP module for traditional meat based street foods of Nepal. By: Lisha Joshi

30. Microbiology of urinary tract infection: a hospital based study. By: Sagarika Manandhar

31. Isolation of pectolytic microorganisms from citrus fruits and characterization of their pectic enzymes. By: Sarita Manandhar

32. Fermented soybean, a possible replacer of fish meal. By: Rashmila Prajapati

33. Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil of Nepal and its insect toxicity. By: Rina Pradhan

34. Bacteriological study of fresh vegetables of Kathmandu Valley. By: Paru Joshi

35. Isolation of Salmonella spp from blood and study of its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. By: Basudha Shrestha

36. Study of different diagnostic methods and prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among Nepalese population. By: Chandra Prakash Bhatta

37. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point process in milk chain. By: Deen B. Bhatta

38. Studies on amylolytic activity during solid state fermentation of Murcha, a traditional yeast starter of Nepal. By: Gyanendra Ghimire

39. Bacteriological study of water and its treatment using plant product. By: Manoj Thapa

40. Serological survey of Hepatitis B surface antigen among the healthy Nepalese males. By: Kishor Manandhar

41. Microbiological study of body fluid. By: Sarala Joshi

42. Fermented soybean suitable protein source in fish diet in relation to its enzyme system. By: Rakesh Kumar Jha

43. Study on beta lactamase activity by microbiological and biochemical methods inStaphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy nasal carriers and hospital isolates. By: Ira Shrestha

44. Study of aetiology of acute diarrhea with special different hospitals. By: Chandana Gurung

45. Microbial analysis of burn injuries at burn unit of different hospitals. By: Manju Shree Shakya

46. Study of air microflora of Kathmandu Valley and its seasonal and locational variation. By: Babu K. Sharma Kuikel

47. Microbiology and chemical analysis of food beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) at Kathmandu Valley. By: Bikash Pandey

48. Nutritional improvement of soybean by fermentation for its possible use in feed for developing state of carp family. By: Rajeev Mani Nepal

49. Bacteriological analysis of fish and its environment and enzymatic activities of fish isolates. By: Puspha Man Shrestha

50. Isolation of antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria from community ponds and their antibiotic transfer mechanism in such environment. By: Kalpana K.C.

51. Optimization of nutrient conditions for thermostable protease production. By: Sushil Man Singh Pradhan

52. Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) process of cheese manufacturing in Nepal. By: Rishi Prakash Niraula

53. Study on industrial effluent and its biological treatment using LEMNA species. By: Binod Lekhak

54. Characterization and optimization of alpha amylase produced. By: Sampurna S. Dangol

55. Microbiology of burn wound in children at Kanti Children’s Hospital. By: Leela Shrestha

56. Prevalence of urinary tract infection on children. By: Kirtika Gautam

57. Studies on mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms commonly found in compost piles of Kathmandu Valley. By: Rumu Amatya

58. An epidemiological study of antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria in sub-community of Kathmandu Valley. y: Bishnu Raj Tiwari

59. Microbiology of oral cavity with special interest to beta haemolytic Streptococcus. By: Anjana Shakya

60. Characterization of E coli isolated from urinary tract infected patients. By: Kiran Shah

61. Study of causative organisms from pus sample and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. By: Keshab Parajuli

62. Study of antimicrobial properties of Punica granatum linn By: Luna Bhatta

63. Assessment of ground water quality and study of antibiotic resistance and oligodynamic action against some isolated enteric bacteria. By: Makhan Maharjan

64. Antibacterial activities of actinomycetes isolated from soils of Kathmandu Valley. By: Reshma Tamrakar

65. Impact of effluents on rivers and reduction of biochemical oxygen demand usingCladosporium oxysporium. By: Sunil Manandhar

66. Cervicitis and cancer of cervix in Nepal. By: Archana Shrestha

67. A prospective study on bacteriology of lower respiratory tract infection among the patients visiting T.U. Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. By: Kaushal Joshi

68. Study on urinary tract infection and cancer of urinary bladder. By: Jyoti Amatya

69. Infection of foot ulcers in leprosy patients. By: Krishna Lal Kandel

70. A prospective study on bacteriology of wound infection among inpatient at Bir Hospital (a hospital based study). By: Archana Katuwal

71. A prospective study of etiological agents causing infective endocarditis and related bacteremic and septicaemic cases among patients visiting Bir Hospital. By: Anjali Tibrewal

72. Prospective study on aetiology of childhood diarrhea based on clinical features and laboratory investigation. By: Hirdaya Ratna Shakya

73. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infection among blood donor in Kathmandu Valley. By: Monika Joshi

74. Utilization of fruit wastes for the production of citric acid via fermentation by usingAspergillus niger. By: Pushpa Raj Dahal

75. Utilization of tea wastes as a substrate for microbial protein production. By: Buddhi Sagar Ghimire

76. Production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus isolated from different edible food stuffs of Kathmandu. By: Rupa Acharya

77. Antibacterial activity of actinomycetes isolated from various geographical region of Nepal and characterization of their antibacterial agents. By: Deepak Singh

78. A prospective study of urinary tract infection based on culture and direct microscopy of urine along with the antibiotic sensitivity test of urinary pathogens. By: Bijaya Kumar Dhakal

79. Insecticidal activities and immunology of delta endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from insect samples of Nepal. By: Krishna Pd. Subedi

80. Preliminary test of bacteriiocins from Pseudomonas spp isolated from potato. By: Roshana Joshi

81. Isolation, screening, identification and selection of best fermentative yeast from Murcha sample. By: Sandesh Regmi

82. Prevalence of acute diarrhoeal episodes in Kathmandu Valley during 1997. By: Aarati Karki

83. The isolation and identification of antibiotic producing bacteria in the compost samples of Kathmandu Valley. By: Pallavi Sthapit

84. Studies on effect of pesticides on soil inhabiting bacteria of pesticide applied cultivated fields of Kathmandu Valley. By: Shaila Basnyat

85. A prospective study on bacteriology of wound infection at T.U. Teaching Hospital. By: Palpasa Tuladhar

86. Study of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from different clinical samples. By: Reena Lamichhane

87. Fermentation of grape juice by using brewing yeast isolated from Nepalese starter Murcha. By: Chenu Gangal

88. Efficacy of alcohol fermentation of Hordeum vulgare (naked barley) from traditional Murcha. By: Leena Rajbhandari

89. Antibacterial activity of natural honey: a preliminary study. By: Sanchita Sapkota

90. Drug resistant enteric bacteria in poultry samples of Kathmandu Valley and their epidemiological study by plasmid profiling. By: Thakur Pd. Paude.

91. Screening of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus isolated from maize and study on their growth suppression by various chemical agent. By: Harish C Shrestha

92. A prospective study on aetiology of bacteraemia, septicaemia at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Nawa Raj Banjade

93. A prospective study on aetiological agents of diarrhoeal disease in children in relation to parasites and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolates. By: Anand Bd. Chand

94. A study on sexually transmitted infections among the patients visiting at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Binita Panta

95. A study on diarrhea in children in relation to behavioral and environmental factors. By: Sujan Piya

96. Studies on role of exopolysaccharide of Xanthomonas campestris PV.Campestris, isolated from cabbage seeds, in pathogenesis and correlation of exopolysaccharide in pathogenicity on host plants. By: Dev Raj Joshi

97. Prevalence of multi drug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal patients of Kathmandu and study of their relatedness by plasmid profiling. By: Abhignya Subedi

98. Study on relationship between the infection of Helicobacter pylori and Epstein Barr Virus and the carcinogenesis of the gastric cancer. By: Priyamvada Paudyal

99. A prospective study on antibiotic sensitivity profiles of the organisms associated with clinical infections among the patients attending T.U. Teaching Hospital: a hospital based study. By: Chandra Kala Rai

100. Antibiotic resistant Vibrio cholerae isolated from Kathmandu Valley and characterization of the isolates by biotyping and serotyping. By: Arishma Rajkarnikar

101. Microbiological and chemical analysis of mineral water sold in the Kathmandu Valley. By: Shiva Raj Pohkare.l

102. Screening and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants of Nepal and isolation of pure antimicrobial compound from Bauhinia variegatn. By: Naba Raj Pokhrel

103. Microbiology study of street fried foods and isolation and identification of some microorganisms of public health importance. By: Pankaj Acharya

104. Microbiological study of raw meat of Kathmandu Valley with public health and veterinary importance and serological study of the isolated Salmonelas spp. By: Purushotam Prasai

105. Serodiagnosis of syphilis among clinically suspected patients visiting Bir Hospital and the risk of HIV and Hepatitis B infection among syphilitic patients. By: Sunita Pokhrel

106. Bacterial analysis of street food in relation to child health. By: MunMun K.C.

107. Immunodiagnostic for tuberculosis. By: Bhupesh Khadka

108. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of some common spices. By: Sapan Sharma

109. Study on viruses in relation with skin cancer among Nepalese people. By: Rajindra Pd. Aryal

110. Study on cytokine (interferon-gammee) responses to skin test antigens of leprosy. By: Parmeshwar N. Amatya

111. Bacteriology of ear discharges. By: Charu Aryal

112. Study of solar disinfection of drinking water. By: Pratap Karki

113. A study of severe malaria in relation to HIV and syphilis among patients visiting Bheri Zonal Hospital. By: Prakriti Raj Kandel

114. Study of prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in gastroduodenal diseases and evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates. By: Suresh Subedi

115. Monitoring of liver and renal function among human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals. By: Abhilasha Karki

116. Study on bacterial flora in blood specimen collected from hospitalized and out patients services of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Rupa Shakya

117. Sero diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis and malaria and an assessment of public health awareness about the above (a study diseases confined within Bheri Zonal Hospital). By: Prerana Bajracharya

118. Study of physio-chemical and bactgeriological parameters of Bagmati river and treatment of polluted water using Cladosporium resinae. By: Prakash Paudyal

119. Prevalence of tuberculosis among the suspected patients visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and their antimicrobial resistance pattern. By: Ganga G.C

120. Study of indoor Vs outdoor air microflora and its relation to PM7.07 By: Arjun Thapa

121. Air quality assessment of brick kiln area. By: Giri Raj Dahal

122. Study of microflora of vermicompost and its antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic bacteria. By: Shila Bhattarai

123. Determination of antibiotic resistant Gram negative urinary pathogens in pediatric patient at Kanti Children’s Hospital. By: Safala Dhital

124. Prevalence of common bacterial pathogens in different clinical samples submitted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and their antibiotic sensitivity test profiles. By: Rama Dhungel

125. Screening and evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants of Nepal. By: Mahesh N. Baidya

126. Enumeration and isolation of pesticide degrading bacteria from different soil samples of Kathmandu Valley and study on transrerability of degradative plasmid from Pseudomonas putida isolates into E coli. By: Anju Sharma

127. Study of Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) system in sausage production plants. By: Buddhi K Shrestha

128. Study of microbial flora present in the conjunctiva of the cataract patients before and after the use of betadine solution and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. By: Lata Ghimire

129. Study of microbiological and chemical quality of fermented milk (DAHI) of Kathmandu Valley. By: Sushama Sharma

130. Distribution of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in various regions in Nepal and development of virus free plantlets by meristem culture. By: Chaman Ranjit

131. Antibiotic sensitivity profile of E coli, Klebsiella spp and Pseudomonas spp of patients visiting TUTH, Kathmandu. By: Tarani Prasad Paneru

132. Study of air, water and wound infection in different wards of T.U. Teaching Hospital. By: Megh Raj Banjara

133. Insecticidal activities of Bacillus thuringiensis against Culex quinquefasciatus andSpodoptera litura. By: Sangita Bhattarai

134. Study of meningitis in patients visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Kiran Babu Tiwari

135. Microbial digestion of vegetables and kitchen wastes for biogas production. By: Nawa Raj Dhakal

136. Development of IND-ELISA for actinomycetes and study of serological relationship. By: Yogan Khatri

137. Assessment of drinking water quality supplied by Nepal water supply corporation, Sundarighat and identification, antibiotic sensitivity pattern and serotyping of isolated E coli. By: Supriti Shrestha

138. Pattern of microbial flora among the visitors and the environment of intensive care unit (ICU), Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Sriju Sharma

139. Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Methicillin resistant S aureus (MRSA) in Bir Hospital. By: Rajita Rajbhandari

140. Salmonella serotyping and drug susceptibility pattern from envirionment and clinical samples of urban Nepal. By:Aashish Poudyal

141. Bacteriological study of upper respiratory tract infection inpediatric patients at Kanti Children’s Hospital. By: Anima Shrestha

142. A hospital based study of urinary tract infection among women visiting antenatal clinic of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. By: Rupa Pandey

143. Drinking water quality assessment of Kathmandu Valley and antibacterial property of enteric bacteria isolated. By: Tista Prasai

144. Prevalence of beta haemolytic streptococci in throat of school children and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. By: Deepak Acharya

145. Study on nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among the post operative ward visitors, staff and patients of T. U. Teaching Hospital with drug sensitivity pattern. By: Khadga B. Shah

146. Optimization and use of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy. By: Bishwa Raj Sapkota

147. Prevalence of bacterial infection in acute hepatitis in Nepal. By: Durga Shrestha

148. Quality control in tuberculosis smear microscopy. By: Sneha Bam

149. Study of the prevalence of Campylobacter in raw meat and drinking water in water corporation of Kathmandu and possible research for Shigella spp. By: Ita Bhattarai

150. Tubersulosis and human immuno deficiency virus co-infection in united mission hospital, Tansen, Nepal. By: Janak R. Dhungana

151. A prospective study on acute group A streptococcal pharyngitis and its delayed sequelae on school children of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal By: Binod Pd. Pathak

152. Study of the factors associated with enteric parasitic infection among school children in a rural village setting in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. By: Diyo Ram Rai

153. Anti tuberculosis treatment resistant in pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting German Nepal tuberculosis project, Kalimati, Kathmandu. By: Narayan Raj Bhattarai

154. Relative study of enteropathogens (parasites and bacteria) in gastroenteritis and its predisposing factors in TUTH. By: Keshav Rai

155. Study of ambient air micro flora of Kathmandu Valley and its relation to particulate matters. By: Rajendra Pd. Subedi

156. Prevalence of enteric parasites in HIV/AIDS patients of Nepal. By: Darshan Sapkota

157. Prevalence of lymphatic filariasis in Dhanusha district of Nepal, By: Nagendra Prasad Yadav

158. Study on the prevalence of multiple drug resistant Sammonella spp in poultry birds. By: Madhusudan Pandey

159. Microbial contamination of the contact lens and its care system in the patients visiting BPK lion center for ophthalmic studies, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. By: Pallavi Gurung

160. Evaluation of nitrate test in detecting urinary tract infection conducted at TUTH. By: Sushil Chandra Regmi

161. Microbial colonization of maternal genital tract and its relationship to onset of early neonatal sepsis. By: Salina Gaire

162. Studies on the antibacterial activity of actinomycetes isolated from Khumbu region of Nepal. By: Bhagwati Pantdey

163. Carriage pattern of S sureus in healthy school children. By: Sachindra R. Joshi

164. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients. By: Preeti Gautam

165. Comparative study of tuberculosis test Ziehl Neelsen staining and culture in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. By: Pratap Shahi

166. Superficial fungal infection and awareness status among the patients visiting dermatology outpatients department of TUTH. By: Niraja Thapa

167. Modulation of whole blood imme to phenolic glycolipid (PGTD of M. Leprae). By: Suraj Dhungel

168. Comparative evaluation of different staining techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis lymphadenitis. By: Smritee Pohharel

169. Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance status in Kirtipur community bacterial isolates. By: Manoj Ghimire

170. Air quality assessment of Kathmandu Valley. By: Pukar Acharya

171. Production and  characterijation of the antimicrobial substances from Bacillus species. By: Dipak Adhikari

172. Characterization of proteases from Bacillus species producing antimicrobial substances. By: Bharak Khatiwada

Find here more Title of Dissertation (that were later submitted)

Source: Microbiological Abstracts (Revised edition 2004). Published by MISAN, Central Department of microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.