FASTER WAY TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC HUMAN ANTIBODIES USING NANOPARTICLES

Treating patient derived B cells with nanoparticles coated with CpG oligonucleotides to stimulate plasma cell production and challenge antigens to designate what kind of antibody the B cells should produce has resulted in the generation of specific, high affinity antibodies in just a few days that can recognize several strains of a pathogen at the same time. The researchers have already produced antibodies to a variety of bacterial and viral antigens, including tetanus toxoid and several strains of influenza, and were able to generate anti HIV antibodies from B cells donated by healthy volunteers who did not have the disease.

The new technique also eliminates the need for previous exposure to the pathogens, either by vaccination or infection.

"Our technique should allow the production of these antibodies within a shorter time frame in vitro and without the need for vaccination or blood/serum donation from recently infected or vaccinated individuals," said Dr. Facundo Batista, who led the team from the Francis Crick Institute in London, the Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard. "In addition, our method offers the potential to accelerate the development of new vaccines by allowing the efficient evaluation of candidate target antigens."

Antibodies are produced by white blood cells called B cells, which recognize the calling card of a bacteria or virus called an antigen, and transform into plasma cells tailored to produce large numbers of antibodies to that specific antigen that fight off the disease. That's what happens in the body. When scientists tried to reproduce the process in the lab, they ran into problems getting the B cells to make the specific kind of plasma cells they needed because the challenge antigens were missing.

It was easy to get the B cells to proliferate by adding short DNA fragments called CpG oligonucleotides into their culture medium. CpG oligonucleotides activate a protein inside B cells TLR9, but TLR9 enthusiastically stimulates every B cell in the sample to respond, not just the tiny fraction capable of producing a particular antibody. Batista and his colleagues attached both CpG oligonucleotides and real challenge antigens to nanoparticles, added them to B cell cultures, and the plasma cells that resulted were both abundant and pathogen specific.

The team hopes their approach will help researchers produce therapeutic antibodies to treat infectious disease and other conditions, such as cancer.

For more information, go to the Journal of Experimental Medicine
http://jem.rupress.org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20170633?PR
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/rup-rdn071717.php

BACTERIOPHAGES: SMALL THINGS CONSIDERED

Bacteriophages ("phages", for short) are viruses that infect prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), harnessing the resources of the host cell to replicate vast numbers of themselves, eventually causing the cell to lyse and release the phage progeny, which then find new hosts and repeat the cycle. But that's just the textbook definition. What really hooks us in that some phages look just like lunar landers sent from alien spaceships. Merry Youle, one of STC's very own, has written a charming paean to her beloved subjects, a full length book all about "what makes the phages so fascinating, so intriguing, and so important."

Youle tells us, "This book was born of love, exasperation, and wonderment." Youle holds that phages are deserving of far more ink, and respect, than they've thus far received. They exist everywhere where their hosts thrive, including hydrothermal vents, acidic springs, the arctic tundra, and your own gut. They impact geothermal cycles, algal booms, and biodiversity. They are useful tools for genetic manipulation in the lab as well as in nature. and can serve as allies in treating bacterial infections.

Enterobacteriophage T4

http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2017/07/a-star-studded-phantastic-voyage-of-phages.html

These "Indestructible" Animals Would Survive a Planet-Wide Apocalypse

Even the most catastrophic astrophysical events couldn't wipe out the hardy tardigrade, researchers report.

A magnified view of a tardigrade, also known as a water bear

The world's most robust animals may very well survive until the sun stops shining.

Also known as water bears, tardigrades are tiny water dwelling creatures famed for their resiliency. The eight legged invertebrates can survive for up to 30 years without food or water and can endure wild temperature extremes, radiation exposure, and even the vacuum of space.

"Tardigrades are extremely hardy animals," says Thomas Boothby, a tardigrade researcher at the University of North Carolina. "Scientists are still trying to work out how they survive these extremes."

At a minimum, all of Earth's oceans would have to boil away to completely wipe out all life on the planet. Although Boothby said tardigrades are only known to survive high temperatures when dry and those species living in the sea would likely die before the waters boiled , tardigrades are still expected to avoid extinction until our sun swells up and becomes a red giant roughly six billion years from now, according to researchers who investigated the effects of various doomsday scenarios.


For details Tardigrades: The Indestructible Animals